Math Text Instruction Syntax

The math text instruction set offers advanced formatting of text labels from the worksheet in Grapher. Math text instructions can be used to change the typeface, size, color, weight, and style of text on a character-by-character basis. Greek letters and mathematical symbols can be written using math text instructions. The math text instructions also allow for the detailed placement of characters and symbols; thus, superscripts, subscripts, and the superposition of characters are possible. The worksheet cells used as post labels in a post plot can contain math text instructions. In general, the clipboard can be used to cut and paste math text instructions.

Do not use math text instructions in the Text Editor as the Text Editor cannot use math text instructions. To use different text properties in the Text Editor, highlight the text to change and click the appropriate button or command in the dialog.

Unless otherwise indicated, all math text instructions begin with a backslash ("\"), and end with a single space. For example, the instruction "\up50 " shifts the baseline of the text up 50 percent of the current text height. All characters from the beginning backslash through the ending single space are interpreted as instructions by the math text interpreter, and are not included in the resulting label.

Each line in a text block starts with the default text properties such as typeface, size, color, and style. (Note that some typefaces, such as Symbol, do not support bold or italicized text.) A line of text within a text block uses the current properties until a math text instruction is encountered. All text following an instruction is modified according to the instruction. For example, if the typeface is changed in the middle of a text string, the text following the instruction will use the new typeface until the end of the line of text is reached, or until another instruction affecting the typeface is encountered.

Encapsulate Math Text Instruction

Math text instructions can also be encapsulated so they are not carried out over an entire line. A left curly brace ("{") instructs the math text system to remember all of the text properties in effect at that point. A right curly brace ("}") restores the properties to what they were at the matching left curly brace. This allows the insertion of special text in the middle of an otherwise uniform text block. The only instructions this does not apply to are text baseline instructions (\dnX and \upX), and the position instructions (\rpX and \spX). Curly braces can be nested.

To incorporate a backslash, right curly brace, or left curly brace as a text character in a text block, precede them with a backslash when entering the text string. For example, "\\" produces "\", and "\{" produces "{".

Percentage Instructions

Instructions based on a percentage, such as font size, are cumulative. This means that a second percentage change within a text block is interpreted as a percentage of the first percentage change. For example, if the font is scaled by 50%, and later in the same text block the font is scaled by 50% again, the font size after the second percentage would be 25% of the original font size.

· Instruction names are case insensitive (\fs50, \FS50, \Fs50 or \fS50 are all valid).

· The \sp and \rp instructions only refer to positions on the same line.

Instructions that Change Typefaces, Sizes, and Styles

Math Text Instruction	Result
\b	All text after the \b command is bold.
\f"X"	Change to the typeface named X. These are the names listed in the Face drop-down list box in the Text dialog in the plot window. Typeface names are case sensitive. Enclose the face name in double quotes. If the typeface is not found, a generic stick typeface is used in place of the unfound typeface.
\fsX	Change font size to X% of current font size. For example, a value of 200 for X increases the font size by two, and a value of 50 for X decreases the font size by one-half.
\i	All text after the \i instruction is italicized.
\plain	This sets the text to "plain" text with normal weight, no italics, no underlining, and no strikethrough.
\strike	Strikethrough the text.
\ul	All text after the \ul instruction is underlined.

Instructions that Change Text Color

Math Text Instruction	Result
The following instructions are provided to make it easy to set basic text colors:
\black	Sets the text color to black.
\blue	Sets the text color to blue.
\green	Sets the text color to green.
\cyan	Sets the text color to cyan.
\red	Sets the text color to red.
\magenta	Sets the text color to magenta.
\yellow	Sets the text color to yellow.
\white	Sets the text color to white.
\gray	Sets the text color to gray.

The following instructions allow the text color to be set to an arbitrary RGB (Red,Green,Blue) value:
\rgbrX	Sets the amount of red in an RGB text color (X=0 to 255).
\rgbgX	Sets the amount of green in an RGB text color (X=0 to 255).
\rgbbX	Sets the amount of blue in an RGB text color (X=0 to 255).
\rgbaX	Sets the alpha value in the RGBA text color (X=0 to 255).
\color(r,g,b,a)	Sets the amount or red, green, blue, and alpha value in the RGBA text color. r, g, b, and a are all a value between 0 and 255.

Instructions that Change Text Position

Math Text Instruction	Result
\dnX	Moves text baseline down X% of current font size (subscript). This instruction produces subscripts or returns the baseline to the original position following a \upX instruction. If a font size (\fsX) instruction follows the \dnX instruction, any subsequent \dnX or \upX instructions are relative to the changed font size.
\n	Creates a new line in the text block. This works similar to a carriage return - line feed combination. This should be used instead of the \dnX to create a new line of text.
\rpX	Restores the current position to position #X (X = 1 to 20). This instruction is used in conjunction with the \spX instruction. Any text following this instruction begins at the position defined with the \spX instruction. If the \rpX instruction is used without first setting a position with the \spX instruction, the position for the text is returned to the stating position for the text block.
\spX	Saves the current position as position #X (X = 1 to 20). The position is the up, down, left, and right areas within the text block. When the \spX instruction is used, the current location within the text block is assigned a position number. Return to this position using the \rpX instruction. Specify the position number assigned with the \spX instruction when using the \rpX instruction. These instructions are most useful when placing both superscript and subscripts after the same character.
\upX	Moves the text baseline up X% of current font size (superscript). This instruction is used to produce superscripts or to return the baseline to the original position following a \dnX instruction. If a font size (\fsX) instruction follows the \spX instruction, any subsequent \upX or \dnX instructions are relative to the changed font size.

Instructions Used to Insert Special Characters or Date and Time

Math Text Instruction	Result
\aX	Insert a character whose decimal code number is given by X (0 to 65535). In older non-Unicode aware software, this instruction is needed for characters with code numbers beyond the normal limits of the keyboard. For example, use the character code number to include an integral sign in a text string by specifying the character set, followed by the \aX command to specify the correct character number. For example, an integral sign is located at code position 242 in the symbol set called Symbol. Type \f"Symbol" \a242 for the integral sign to appear in the text block. The Character Map program is an accessory program in the Windows installations. Use the Character Map to display each of the available character sets and their designated code numbers. The code number is displayed in the right half of the Character Map status bar when a character is selected. In newer Unicode aware software, the need to use this directive occurs less often as one can simply copy/paste the letters or symbols needed from Character Map or any other Unicode aware software. Even if the character doesn’t appear on your keyboard, can be entered by holding down the Alt key while typing the four digit hexadecimal code number for the special symbol you desire. See the Microsoft Windows documentation for further details.
\date	Inserts the current date. Be sure to follow this instruction with a space, even if no other text follows the date. The date is updated every time the text is redrawn.
\time	Inserts the current time. Be sure to follow this instruction with a space, even if no other text follows the date. The date is updated every time the text is redrawn.
\dt("format")	Inserts the current date and/or time as indicated by a custom format string. Be sure to follow this instruction with a space, even if no other text follows the closing parenthesis. The date and or time is updated every time the text is redrawn.

Examples of Math Text Instructions

Due to page size limitations, some of these examples contain multiple lines of math text instructions. These examples must be entered on one line for the text to be displayed correctly.

Math Text Instruction	Result
CO\dn50 2	CO2
x\up50 2	x2
\sp1 {\fs200 \f"Symbol" \a229 \sp2 }{\rp1 \dn90 \fs75 i=1\rp1 \up220 n}\rp2 \up25 X\dn50 {\fs75 i}\up50 Y\dn50 {\fs75 i}\up50 = S{\dn50 {\fs75 XY}\up50 }
{\i Avogadro} Constant = 6.022 x 10{\up50 {\fs75 23}\dn50 }	Avogadro Constant = 6.022 x 1023
{\f"Symbol" \a209 }{\up50 {\fs50 2}\dn50 }{\f"Symbol" \a102 } = {\f"Symbol" \a182 }{\up50 {\fs50 2}\dn50 }{\f"Symbol" \a102 }/{\f"Symbol" \a182 }x{\up50 {\fs50 2}\dn50 } + {\f"Symbol" \a182 }{\up50 {\fs50 2}\dn50 }{\f"Symbol" \a102 }/{\f"Symbol" \a182 }y{\up50 {\fs50 2}\dn50 }
{\fs200 N}\sp1 \up100 \fs75 5 \rp1 \dn50 1
sin{\up50 {\fs50 2}\dn50 }(X) + cos{\up50 {\fs50 2}\dn50 }(X) = 1
104\f"Symbol" \a176 \f"Arial" 37'
a\dn25 {\fs75 c} \n ___ \n b\dn25 {\fs75 c}
{\f"Symbol" d}\up50 {\fs75 234}\dn50 U

Math Text Instruction Syntax

Encapsulate Math Text Instruction

Percentage Instructions

See Also